This story is jointly published as part of the Utah College Media Collaborative, a cross-campus project bringing together emerging journalists from Salt Lake Community College, Southern Utah University, the University of Utah, Utah Tech University and Weber State University. The collaborative is an Amplify Utah project with support from PBS Utah and POV.

As a closeted high schooler growing up in rural Utah, Colton Bell found seeking connection online and embracing his love for gaming was the only way he could find a sense of belonging while growing up in a community that wouldn’t accept him.

“I had online friendships from the jump because growing up as a gay kid in a small town in Utah was very difficult,” said Bell, a Weber State University alumnus and self-proclaimed gamer. “At the end of the day, I couldn’t share, even with my closest friends in high school, that information about myself.”

Bell explained how gaming allowed him to connect with other members of the LGBTQ+ community, bringing him a sense of belonging.

“Having online friends that were just online friends, that I’d potentially never meet, meant that all of a sudden I could be my authentic self with someone in a way I couldn’t be in person,” Bell said. “The difference that made permanently altered my life and permanently alters the lives of other people every day because it helps you grow more comfortable in your skin.”

In situations like Bell’s, finding a sense of belonging can prove to be challenging. For many, video games and online communities offer a sense of reprieve.

“I think that people who are anti-gaming don’t understand that people have found connections with people they would’ve never met otherwise and met people who have positively changed their lives or shown them new things,” Bell said.

In 2014, Bell made WSU history as the first pledge to a brand-new fraternity called Psi Phi Psi. According to Zachary Kirst, Psi Phi Psi’s current president, video games and popular media have historically served as a common ground for the fraternity’s brethren.

Kirst frequents Discord servers centered around the video game Dark Deception in his free time and says the social dynamics found in online communities mirror those of the fraternity he leads.

“The media itself is the foundation for how people get to know each other,” Kirst said.“But, that grows into something bigger over time as people keep talking with each other over and over again.”

Weber State University student Zachary Kirst talking about the intersection between gaming and healthy social habits.

Although Kirst explained that while he values forming social bonds in person, he is grateful for the connections that he’s been able to make online, adding that he’s been able to connect with people around the world.

“I still find a lot of value in my online relationships because it doesn’t matter that they are behind a screen,” Kirst said. “They are still human beings that want to connect with you.”

However, both Kirst and Bell agreed that there is risk involved when young people strictly engage in social activities through an online medium.

“Some people who are 100% into thinking that’s the only way to communicate often fall into a hole of not being able to socialize outside those groups,” Bell said. “People can really get stuck sometimes.”

Can Gaming Pose a Risk to Mental Health?

As gaming grows in popularity among young people, studies have investigated the tie between excessive time playing video games and mental health issues such as depression, anxiety and stress, with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) identifying gaming as a potential candidate for addiction.

The DSM’s 2022 edition states that Internet Gaming Disorder must cause “significant impairment or distress” in other areas of a person’s life. Proposed symptoms revolve around a person’s dependence on video games or inability to stop gaming when it threatens their daily responsibilities.

Aminda O’Hare, an assistant professor of psychology and neuroscience at Weber State University, explained that video games can be particularly addictive because they create a reward system where the participant doesn’t know when the next rush will come and has to keep playing.

“What video games play into is a reinforcement schedule where you’re anticipating a reward, but you don’t know exactly when it’s going to happen,” said O’Hare. “We’ve learned from animal models that when that’s the reward schedule, it leads to the most repetitive behaviors.”

O’Hare also acknowledged gaming as a potential solution to another health issue: loneliness.

O’Hare cited findings from the Harvard Study of Adult Development, a longitudinal study that has tracked the habits of over 700 participants and their descendants since 1938 to determine what factors lead to a long, happy life. According to the study, one of the best predictors of a long life is the quality of a person’s relationships.

“If some individuals struggle with in-person relationships or they’re just in an environment where the people around them aren’t providing the support they need, then an online social group can certainly fill that void for people,” O’Hare said.

Since Internet Gaming Disorder needs further study, research has yet to pin down its exact prevalence among gamers. What current research has found is a link between gaming and social interaction, though it’s not clear whether it is negative, positive or both.

For some, like feminist media critic and content creator Anita Sarkeesian, interactions with online gaming communities have yielded threats of violence and displays of hatred.

After creating a campaign in 2012 that sought to investigate the use of harmful female stereotypes in video games, Sarkeesian was met with an unrelenting campaign of hatred and misogyny.

Sarkeesian, the author of an online video series called “Feminist Frequency,” canceled a talk at Utah State University in 2014 after university staff received an email containing credible threats of violence against her and those attending the event.

On the other hand, WSU’s campus recreation department has begun using video games to encourage positive social interaction. Starting in fall 2024, the university has hosted a Mario Kart tournament for students to participate in as part of the school’s intramural sports program.

Competitive Sports Coordinator Lexi Morrissey said that she wants to get students from all walks of life involved with campus recreation.

“Involvement in any organization on campus increases people’s willingness to stick around; it strengthens their sense of community,” Morrissey said. “I want people to feel welcome within campus intramural sports even if they don’t play something you would consider a traditional sport.”

Morrissey said she plans to continue using video games when organizing intramural sports events at WSU.

“If someone shows up to one of my events and makes a friend, that’s a success,” Morrissey said.

So, when does gaming become a threat to a young person’s mental health? Some studies have tried to find a link between the time spent gaming among adolescents and worse mental health outcomes.

A 2022 study conducted in China surveyed 1,603 primary and secondary school students and found that the children spent an average of 41.4 minutes weekly gaming and that each additional hour spent playing video games increased the risk of experiencing anxiety, depression or stress with moderate or worse symptoms.

However, another study in 2022 surveyed 38,935 gamers globally and concluded that more time spent playing video games was unlikely to lead to negative well-being outcomes.

According to the current literature, reviews are mixed on whether or not gaming can be directly correlated with negative mental health outcomes.

Trading Cards and Community

The intersection between gaming and social interaction can be seen in the world of trading card games, where players gather to compete, mingle and get better at their games of choice.

Connor Albury, a WSU alum, helps organize a local trading card game tournament at Hill Top TCG in Riverdale, Utah for the game Lorcana, which features fast gameplay and cards themed with Disney artwork depicting fan-favorite characters. Albury says that the community has always been welcoming of newcomers.

“Pop into any local league and there’s almost always going to be people there willing to help you learn and develop,” Albury said.

Albury, who has been playing Lorcana competitively shortly after its inception in 2023, says that one of his favorite aspects of the game is the volume of new players.

Stephen Salmon, an instructor of public speaking and communication law at WSU, can also be found on Wednesday nights playing Lorcana in Hill Top TCG’s local league.

“This group and a lot of the groups we play with are a close-knit community,” said Salmon. “We’ve become friends.”

A PEW Research study in 2024 indicated that 72% of teens who played video games did so to spend time with others, while 47% said that they’ve made friends online through playing video games.

Both Albury and Salmon agree that they use their time gaming as a temporary escape from reality and to relieve the stress of everyday life. Playing these games in a social setting has made the experience more enjoyable for them and has created unique opportunities like the chance to compete in national and international tournaments.

Those who choose to embrace the hobby in a positive and healthy way see gaming as a tool to fortify their mental wellness rather than something that stands to ruin it.

“Are there people who go too far? Absolutely,” Salmon said. “But at the end of the day, it’s important to find something you like doing and to be healthy about it. Everything in moderation.”

As an educator, Salmon said red flags that a student is experiencing possible mental health issues related to gaming include repeatedly being absent from class and not turning in assignments.

“It’s really hard to tell they’re experiencing problems unless you’re in their personal life,” Salmon said. “If they’re consistently not leaving their room, not showering for days, or not eating, as family members or friends, that’s where we should be stepping up.”

Opportunities and Staying Involved

While gaming can give people a sense of community and belonging, gaming can also provide new, unique opportunities.

Bell was able to work for the video game company Activision-Blizzard during his time at WSU managing the company’s outreach efforts to college campuses. He also helped found WSU’s esports club, which has evolved into an intramural sports team.

“Gaming started as this little hobby that I had barely any access to,” Bell said. “But, it then allowed me to work for one of the biggest video game companies in the world.”

Through his involvement in gaming, Kirst found community among the Psi Phi Psi’s brethren and an opportunity to try his hand at voice acting in Dark Deception fan projects.

“I thought it would be funny if I gave it a try, but I actually ended up doing well and thriving off that experience,” Kirst said. “Although I don’t know if I’m going to continue voice acting heavily, I feel like I’ve gained a new interest and unlocked a new part of myself.”

By involving himself in the Lorcana competitive scene, Albury has been able to travel across the country to attend Disney Lorcana Challenges — regional tournaments of 2,000 players where they compete for the chance to play at the game’s national championships.

Albury, who has placed as high as the top 128 and top 300 in 2,000-player competitions, said that being involved in Discord servers adjacent to the game led to him being scouted for a regional team.

“Lorcana has only changed my life for the better, I can’t count on my hands and my toes how many new friends I’ve been able to make because of Lorcana,” Albury said, adding that he’s been featured alongside content creators on their podcasts and has even been able to meet the creators of the game during a tournament.

Those interviewed agree that gaming not only helps people form relationships and create communities but also presents new opportunities to be explored.

Onlookers and non-gamers may not see it that way when they see a loved one spend multiple hours daily gaming. Kirst and Bell both agreed that the best strategy for checking in on loved ones who are gamers is to simply ask questions and stay involved in their lives.

“The biggest step we can take is to just talk to people about why they spend so much time playing video games,” Kirst said, explaining that people may react to others spending a lot of time playing video games and begin to fear the worst.

“One kid playing six hours of video games might be a bad thing,” Bell said. “It might be hurting them for any number of reasons — but, for another kid, those six hours might be really important.”

Bell said a former coworker from Activision Blizzard worried about her two young sons who were constantly confining themselves to their attic to play StarCraft II during odd hours of the night. The coworker initially believed that the gaming habits of her sons would negatively impact their lives.

“They sat her down one day and explained that they are playing with some of the top players in the world and they live in South Korea, so that was the only time that they could play,” Bell said, explaining that the sons pleaded with their mother to let them show her that their hobby wasn’t consuming their lives and was, in actuality, an important part of their lives. “They both went on to become world champions.”

Bell, the LGBTQ+ gamer from Southern Utah, can identify with the importance of gaming. He said it felt liberating to explore his LGBTQ+ identity with people similar to himself online because he didn’t feel free to do so in his everyday life.

“Referencing myself, not being able to speak with people and explore my identity and being ripped away from that might’ve made me incredibly depressed or caused mental health issues because I would’ve felt like I was stuck in a world that I couldn’t get out of,” Bell said.

Sky Mundell reported and wrote this story as a communication student at Weber State University.